Composition for the delivery of live cells and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an improved method for administering live cells to a patient and compositions useful in the method. The composition comprises live cells and biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles. The cells and microparticles of the cell/microparticle composition can be contacted immediately prior to administration, or can be contacted in culture for a specified period of time prior to administration. In the method of the invention, an effective amount of the cell/microparticle composition is administered to a patient in need thereof by injection to a treatment site of the patient to provide a therapeutic effect in the patient. The therapeutic effect can be, for example, the formation of new tissue at the treatment site, or the production and secretion of a biologically active secretory molecule at the treatment site. The composition comprising lives cells and biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles can be used in a method of generating new tissue in vitro. The method comprises placing the composition in a cell culture chamber under conditions wherein a coherent mass of tissue is formed. In a particular embodiment, the culture chamber is in a specified shape which results in the generation tissue having said shape.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/612,744 filed on Jul. 10, 2000. The entire teachings of the above-referenced application are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Implantable polymeric materials capable of being degraded and absorbed by the body have been used in medicine for many years. For example, implantable devices can be pre-seeded with a desired cell type, and used as structural supports or scaffolds for guiding tissue regeneration. One example is the regeneration of cartilage tissue using a degradable fiber mesh pre-seeded with chondrocytes as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,138 to Vacanti et al. However, implantation of the scaffolds requires surgical intervention which presents disadvantages, such as the risk of infection and the need for invasive and painful procedures.

[0003] Suspensions of liquid hydrogel-cell compositions, which solidify in vivo following administration, have also been described as useful for the delivery of cells to a tissue surface in need of repair. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,944,754 to Vacanti. However, controlled delivery and containment of a liquid system within a particular area is difficult, and the liquid can spread to areas other than the implant site prior to solidification.

[0004] As such, a need exists for improved compositions and methods for administering live cells to a host to provide a therapeutic effect in the host, such as tissue regeneration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The invention relates to an improved method for administering live cells to a patient and compositions useful in the method. The composition comprises live cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles. The polymer of the microparticles, in addition to being biocompatible, can be biodegradable, non-biodegradable or a combination thereof. In certain instances, the biodegradable polymers presents additional advantages over the non-biodegradable polymer since the need to remove the microparticles for any reason. The cells and microparticles of the cell/microparticle composition can be contacted immediately prior to administration, or can be contacted in culture for a specified period of time prior to administration. In the method of the invention, an effective amount of the cell/microparticle composition is administered to a patient in need thereof by injection to a treatment site to provide a therapeutic effect in the patient. The therapeutic effect can be, for example, the formation of new tissue at the treatment site, or the production and secretion of a biologically active secretory molecule at the treatment site. The therapeutic effect resulting from injection of the cell/microparticle composition into a treatment site, is determined by the type of cell present in the composition.

[0006] Alternatively, the cell/microparticle composition of the invention can be used to generate tissue in vitro which can then be implanted in the patient at an implantation site to replace damaged tissue. The cell/microparticle composition is placed in a vessel suitable for cell growth such as a cell culture chamber. As the cells proliferate and adhere to the surfaces of the individual microparticles, a coherent mass of tissue is formed. In one embodiment, the tissue can be generated in a specific shape. For example, the cell culture chamber can have a specific shape and yield a coherent mass of tissue with that shape. The formation of this coherent mass in a specific shape is referred to herein as “sintering”. Sintering differs from other methods of preparing tissue in specific shapes, since it is the combination of cells and polymer microparticles which provide the matrix responsible for the shape of the resulting tissue rather than polymer alone.

[0007] In a specific embodiment, the composition and method of the invention can be used for generating new tissue growth at a treatment site in a patient in need of tissue regeneration. The method for generating new tissue growth in a patient in need thereof comprises administering to the patient by injection into a treatment site an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live cells capable of generating new tissue. In a specific embodiment, the polymer of the microparticles is biodegradable. The cells can be, for example, hepatocytes for the generation of liver tissue or chondrocytes for the generation of cartilage tissue. In a preferred embodiment, the cells are chondrocytes which generate cartilage tissue. In a more preferred embodiment, administration of the chondrocyte/microparticle composition is into the articular space of a joint of the patient.

[0008] As such, in a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a method of generating new cartilage tissue in a patient in need thereof comprising administering by injection to a treatment site of the patient a composition comprising live chondrocytes and biocompatible, polymer microparticles. In a certain embodiment, the polyer is both biocompatible and biodegradable. The method and composition can be used for the treatment of cartilage deficiencies, defects, voids and conformational discontinuities in a patient.

[0009] In a further embodiment, the composition of the invention can be used in a method for secreting a biologically active secretory molecule in a patient in need of said molecule. The patient can be a mammal, such as a human. The method for secreting a biologically active secretory molecule in a patient in need of said molecule comprises administering to the patient by injection into a treatment site of the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live cells, wherein said cells are capable of secreting the biologically active secretory molecule. In a particular embodiment, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocompatible and biodegradable.

[0010] In a particular embodiment, the cells are live pancreatic islet cells which secrete insulin. The composition comprising pancreatic islet cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles can be administered to the pancreas or other suitable treatment site of the patient. It is preferred that the polymer of the microparticles be both biocompatible and biodegradable. As such, the invention relates to a treatment for diabetes.

[0011] In another preferred embodiment, the cells are dopaminergic cells capable of secreting dopamine, such as PC-12 cells, adrenal chromaffin cells and fetal nigral primordia cells. The composition comprising live dopaminergic cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles can be administered to the striatum or other suitable treatment site of the patient in need thereof. It is preferred that the polymer of the microparticles be both biocompatible and biodegradable. Therefore, the invention relates to a treatment for Parkinson's disease.

[0012] In a particular embodiment, the composition comprising lives cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles further comprises a biologically active agent. In a preferred embodiment, the biologically active agent is incorporated into the microparticle. The biologically active agent can be, for example, factors which modulate cell growth, such as factors having tissue regeneration inductive properties, for example, growth factors and differentiating factors, for example, morphogenic proteins; a cytokine; an extracellular matrix molecule; an antimicrobial agent; an anti-inflammatory agent; and immunosuppressive agent, cells which support the therapeutic effect of the administered cells or combinations thereof. Incorporation of the biologically active agent into the microparticles of the cell/microparticle composition provides a sustained delivery of the biologically active agent at the treatment site. It is preferred that the biologically active agent enhances the primary therapeutic effect resulting from administration of the live cell/microparticle composition. In a particular embodiment, the polymer of the microparticels is both biocompatible and biodegradable.

[0013] The composition and methods of the present invention provide a means for eliciting a therapeutic effect in a patient in need thereof by administering a composition comprising lives cells and a biocompatible, polymer microparticle which can be biodegradable, non-biodegradable or a combination thereof. Advantageously, the composition permits the administration to be by injection which obviates the need for an open surgical intervention to permit exposure of the treatment area and the disadvantages associated with open surgery (e.g., pain, infection, recovery time and cost). In addition, the microparticles of the composition can have incorporated therein a biologically active agent thereby providing at the treatment site a sustained release of an agent which can be complementary to or enhance the primary treatment.

[0014] Advantages of the cell/microparticle composition are also realized when the composition is used to generate tissue in vitro, particularly tissue having a specific shape. That is, tissue generation using the cell/microparticle compositions described herein offers advantages over known methods of in vitro tissue formation since a greater number of cells can be initially loaded into the culture chamber. As a result, the needed tissue can be provided in a shorter period of time. This is particularly advantageous for shaped tissue formation or sintering. In addition, the presence of microparticles in the culture medium provides a three dimensional scaffold for growth resulting in tissue which can more closely resemble the structure of native tissue. Further, when the tissue being generated is, for example, cartilage the three dimensional environment for growth can provide tissue with a stronger extracellular matrix than tissue generated on a flat mesh or similar two dimensional scaffold. In addition, results generated herein show that a larger volume of tissue can be formed when grown in the presence of microparticles. Use of biodegradable microparticles to grow tissue also provides the ability to provide a sustained release of a desired biologically active agent during growth by incorporating a biologically active agent into the microparticles for release in a sustained fashion due to the biodegradability of the polymer matrix.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015]FIG. 1 is a graph showing the percentage of attached cells, in a cell/microparticle suspension, following a 16 hour incubation. The results of control mixtures of cells alone and microparticles alone are also shown.

[0016]FIG. 2 is a graph showing the percentage of attached cells in a cell/microparticle suspension as a function of time.

[0017]FIG. 3 is a Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), at the indicated magnifications, of a suspension of chondrocytes and microparticles following a 2 hour incubation.

[0018]FIG. 4 is a Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), at the indicated magnifications, of a suspension of chondrocytes and microparticles following an 8 hour incubation.

[0019]FIG. 5A shows histological results for sections of native bovine cartilage obtained from the gelnohumeral and humeroulnar joints of neonatal calves stained with Safranin O.

[0020]FIG. 5B shows the histological results for sections of tissue stained with Safranin O from the implant site of animals receiving cells alone at 4 weeks post treatment.

[0021] FIGS. 6A-6C show sections of implants stained with Safranin O from animals receiving an injection of cells/microparticles at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post injection.

[0022]FIG. 7 is a graph showing the mass of tissue resulting from injection of cells alone and a cell/microparticle mixture, as described herein at 2 and 4 weeks post injection.

[0023]FIG. 8 is a graph showing the total amount of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present in excised tissue resulting from injection of cells alone, and a cell/microparticle mixture at 2 and 4 weeks post injection.

[0024]FIG. 9A shows the histological results for sections of tissue generated in vitro following culture of cells alone for 4 weeks and stained with Safranin O.

[0025]FIG. 9B shows the histological results for sections of tissue generated in vitro following culture of a cell/microparticle mixture for 4 weeks and stained with Safranin O.

[0026]FIG. 10 is a graph showing the mass of tissue resulting from culture of cells alone and a cell/microparticle mixture as described herein at 1 and 2 weeks post culture.

[0027]FIG. 11 is a graph showing the total amount of glycosaminoglycan present in tissue resulting from culture of cells alone and a cell/microparticle mixture as described herein at 1 and 2 weeks post culture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will now be more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It is understood that the particular embodiments of the invention are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principles of the invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. A description of the preferred embodiments of the invention follows.

[0029] The present invention relates to a method of administering live cells to a patient in need thereof comprising injecting into a treatment site of the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live cells, wherein said cells provide a therapeutic effect in the patient. The polymer of the microparticles can be biodegradable, non-biodegradable or a combination thereof. Preferred polymers are both biodegradable and biocompatible.

[0030] The invention also relates to a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live cells. It is understood that the live cells are responsible for the primary therapeutic effect and that the microparticles contribute to the retention of the cells at the treatment site and/or can provide a surface for cell growth. The microparticles and cells can be contacted immediately prior to administration, or can be contacted in culture for a desired period of time prior to administration. Preincubation can result in at least a portion of the cells to become attached to the microparticles prior to injection. However, as described herein, preincubation of the cells and microparticles is not needed in order to achieve a therapeutic effect following administration of the live cell/microparticle composition. When desired, the composition can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The polymer of the microparticles can be biodegradable, non-biodegradable or a combination thereof. It is preferred that the polymer is both biocompatible and biodegradable.

[0031] “Therapeutic effect”, as that term is used herein, refers to the generation of new tissue at the treatment site, the secretion of a biologically active secretory molecule at the treatment site or a combination thereof.

[0032] Cells suitable for use in the invention include cells capable of generating tissue, cells which secrete biologically active secretory molecules, and cells which metabolize materials. Cell types that can be used for example, include but are not limited to, cartilage producing cells, for example, chondrocytes; fibroblasts; osteoblasts; exocrine cells; cells of intestinal origin; bile duct cells; parathyroid cells; thyroid cells; cells of the adrenal-hypothalamic-pituitary axis; organ cells, such as, heart cells, for example, heart muscle cells, kidney cells, for example, kidney epithelial cells, kidney tubular cells, and kidney basement membrane cells, liver cells, for example, hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, for example, pancreatic islet cells, lung cells, and brain cells; endothelial cells; mucosal cells; nerve cells; blood vessel cells; smooth muscle cells; skeletal muscle cells; pleural cells; Schwann cells; ear canal cells; tympanic membrane cells; peritoneal cells; tracheal epithelial cells macrophages; and dopaminergic cells capable of secreting dopamine, such as PC-12 cells, adrenal chromaffin cells and fetal nigral primordia cells, precursor cells of any of the above and stem cells.

[0033] Cells can be obtained directly from a donor, e.g., a patient's own cells, from a culture of cells from a donor of the same or a different species or from established cell culture lines. Preferably cells are of the same species and more preferably of the same immunological profile. Such cells can be obtained, for example, by biopsy either from the patient or a close relative. The cells are then grown in culture until confluent using standard cell culture techniques and conditions, and used when needed. Typically, cells are cultured only until a sufficient number of cells have been obtained for a particular application. For example, autologous cultured chondrocytes can be prepared according to the commercial process CARTICEL®

[0034] The cells can be genetically altered or manipulated using standard techniques prior to contacting them with the microparticles. For example, the cells can be genetically engineered to encode and secrete a desired biologically active secretory molecule and/or produce a desired tissue or enhance production of a desired tissue at a treatment site. For example, pancreatic islet cells can be genetically engineered to secrete enhanced amounts of insulin. Suitable method of genetically engineering cells can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346 to Anderson et al., the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0035] Cells can be cultured using any of the numerous well known cell culture techniques. Standard cell culture techniques are described in Freshney, “Cell Culture, A Manual of Basic Technique”, Third Edition (Wiley-Liss, New York, 1994) the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0036] In a particular embodiment, the composition comprising live cells and biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles further comprises a biologically active agent. In a preferred embodiment, the biologically active agent can be incorporated into the microparticle. The biologically active agent can be, for example, factors which modulate cell growth, such as factors having tissue regeneration inductive properties, for example, a growth factor, a morphogenic protein, a cytokine, an immunosuppressive agent, an extracellular matrix molecule, an antimicrobial agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, cells which support the therapeutic effect of the administered cell or combinations thereof. Incorporation of the biologically active agent into the microparticles of the cell/microparticle composition provides a sustained delivery of the biologically active agent at the treatment site. It is preferred that the biologically active agent enhances the primary therapeutic effect resulting from administration of the cell microparticle composition.

[0037] “Treatment site” as that term is used herein refers to any internal structure or organ of the patient or a subcutaneous space needing treatment and includes, but is not limited to, joints including the articular space of the joints; internal organs, such as the liver, pancreas, brain, heart, lung and kidney; pleural cavities; the tracheal region; the thoracic cavity; the gastrointestinal tract; the genito-urinary tract; the bladder; vessels of the cardiovascular system; the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, colon and esophagus and subcutaeous spaces frequently accessed in cosmetic surgery, for example, the subcutaneous space involving the ear, cheek, nose etc . . .

[0038] For example, the therapeutic effect can be the generation of new tissue, often referred to as guided tissue regeneration. “Guided tissue regeneration” as that term is used herein refers to the restoration and/or regeneration of the morphology and function of hard and soft tissues that have been destroyed by disease or trauma. In tissue regeneration, the regenerating tissues repopulate the same site and space previously occupied by the healthy tissues that have been destroyed. As such, the composition and method of the invention can be used in a method for treating a tissue defect in a patient using guided tissue regeneration.

[0039] For example, the therapeutic effect can be the generation of new cartilage tissue. As such, the invention relates to a method of generating new cartilage tissue in a patient in need thereof comprising administering by injection to a treatment site of the patient a composition comprising live chondrocytes or other cartilage producing cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles. In a particular embodiment, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocompatible and biodegradable. The method and composition can be used for the treatment of cartilage deficiencies, defects, voids and conformational discontinuities in the patient.

[0040] The need for cartilage regeneration can result from damage produced by diseases such as arthritis, trauma or congenital deformities. Damaged cartilage is a major cause of physical disability and deformity. For example, spinal discs, knees and hips are common sites of cartilage damage. The current therapy for loss of cartilage is replacement with a prosthetic material, such as silicon for cosmetic repairs or metal alloys for joint realignment. The use of a prosthesis is commonly associated with the significant loss of underlying tissue and bone without recovery of the full function allowed by the original cartilage. The prosthesis is also a foreign body which can become an irritating presence in the tissues. Other long-term problems associated with the permanent foreign body can include infection, erosion and instability. As such, the compositions and methods of the present invention provide a desirable alternative to current therapies for treating cartilage deficiencies.

[0041] “Cartilage” as used herein refers to a specialized type of dense connective tissue having cells embedded in a matrix. There are several kinds of cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is a bluish-white, glassy translucent cartilage having a homogeneous matrix containing collagenous fibers. Hyaline cartilage is found in articular cartilage, costal cartilage, the septum of the nose, the larynx and trachea. Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones. Costal cartilage connects the ribs and the sternum. Fibrous cartilage contains collagen fibers. Yellow cartilage is a network of elastic fibers holding cartilage cells which is primarily found in the epiglottis, the external ear, and the auditory tube.

[0042] In another embodiment, the therapeutic effect can be the generation of new tissue of an internal organ. For example, the generation of tissues of the liver, brain, lung, pancreas, heart, and kidney. As such, the invention relates to a method of generating new internal organ tissue in a patient in need thereof comprising administering by injection to a treatment site of the patient a composition comprising live internal organ cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles. Preferably, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocombatible and biodegradable. Preferably, the treatment site is the organ of the patient which is the same tissue type as the administered cells. More preferably the cells are of the same tissue type and species as the recipient organ. Most preferably, the cells are the patient's own cells of the same tissue type as the recipient organ. For example, the patient's hepatocytes can be preferably injected into the patient's liver.

[0043] In a further embodiment, the therapeutic effect can be the secretion of a biologically active secretory molecule in a patient in need of said molecule. As such, the invention relates to a method for secreting a biologically active secretory molecule in a patient in need of said molecule comprising administering to the patient by injection into a treatment site of the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live cells, wherein said cells secrete the biologically active secretory molecule. In a particular embodiment, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocompatible and biodegradable.

[0044] In a particular embodiment, the cells are live pancreatic islet cells which secrete insulin. The composition comprising pancreatic islet cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles can be administered to the pancreas or other suitable treatment site of the patient. Preferably, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocompatible and biodegradable. As such, the invention relates to a method for treating diabetes in a patient in need of treatment comprising administering to the patient by injection into a treatment site of the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live pancreatic islet cells, wherein said cells secrete insulin. In a preferred embodiment the treatment site is the pancreas. In another embodiment, the pancreatic islet cells can be genetically engineered to provide enhanced secretion of appropriate amounts of insulin in response to varying glucose levels as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,404 to Laurance et al., the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0045] In another embodiment, the cells are dopaminergic cells capable of secreting dopamine, such as PC-12 cells, adrenal chromaffin cells and fetal nigral primordia cells. The composition comprising live dopaminergic cells and biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles can be administered to the striatum or other suitable treatment site of the patient in need thereof. It is preferred that the polymer of the microparticles be both biocompatible and biodegradable. Therefore, the invention relates to a method for treating Parkinson's disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient by injection into a treatment site of the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live dopaminergic cells, wherein said cells secrete dopamine. In a preferred embodiment the treatment site is the striatum of the patient.

[0046] Other diseases such as hypoparathyroidism and anemia can be treated using cells in the cell/microparticle composition which secrete parathyroid hormone and erythropoietin, respectively. The secretory cells can be cells that naturally secrete the biologically active secretory molecule of interest or the cells can genetically engineered to do so or enhance the secretion of the desired biologically active secretory molecule. The cells can be chosen based on the biologically active secretory molecule desired. For example, the secretion of hormones, cytokines, growth factors, trophic factors, angiogenesis factors, antibodies, blood coagulation factors, lymphokines, enzymes and agonists, precursors, active analogs or active fragments thereof at a desired treatment site can be accomplished following the method of the invention described herein.

[0047] As such, the invention relates to a method of gene therapy comprising administering to the patient by injection into a treatment site of the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, polymer microparticles and live cells which have been genetically engineered to secrete a biologically active secretory molecule. In a preferred embodiment, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocompatible and biodegradable. Such methods of gene therapy are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346 to Anderson et al.

[0048] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of restoring function to an organ or structure.

[0049] “Biologically active secretory molecule” as that term is used herein refers to a biologically active molecule which is released or secreted in vivo from a cell of the administered cell/microparticle composition. The biologically active secretory molecule can exert an effect on a separate target cell or on a target molecule in the patient. For example, hepatocytes can produce clotting factors and pancreatic islet cells can produce insulin and/or glycogen. The cells generally should retain normal morphology and cell function for the secretion of the bioactive molecules.

[0050] Examples of biologically active secretory molecules include, but are not limited to, hormones, cytokines, growth factors, trophic factors, angiogenesis factors, antibodies, blood coagulation factors, lymphokines, enzymes and agonists, precursors, active analogs or active fragments thereof at a desired treatment site can be accomplished following the method of the invention described herein.

[0051] An effective amount of the composition of this invention can be administered in vivo, for example, to a human, by injection at desired treatment site. As used herein, an “effective amount” is the amount needed to elicit the therapeutic effect, for example, new tissue formation and/or secretion of a biologically active secretory molecule in the patient following administration. For example, the composition can contain from about 0.5×10⁶ cells/mL to about 50×10⁶ cells/mL, such as from about 1×10⁶ cells/mL to about 25×10⁶ cells/mL. Further, the composition can contain microparticles at a concentration of about 1 mg/mL to about 500 mg/mL, such as from about 1 mg/mL to about 250 mg/mL, for example, 1 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL.

[0052] “Injection” as that term is used herein, includes administration through a delivery port alone or in combination with a surgical scope such as a laparoscope, endoscope, laryngoscope, cystoscope, protoscope or thoracoscope. The delivery port can be, for example, a surgical tube such as a catheter with an appropriately sized bore, or a needle or needle-like port. As such, delivery can include a minor incision in the patient to permit entry of a delivery port, such as a needle or catheter, or a combination of a delivery port an a surgical scope. Advantageously, injection of the composition avoids the need for an open surgical procedure to expose the treatment area.

[0053] “Patient” as that term is used herein refers to the recipient of the treatment. Mammalian and non-mammalian patients are included. In a specific embodiment, the patient is a mammal, such as a human, canine, murine, feline, bovine, ovine, swine or caprine. In a preferred embodiment, the patient is a human.

[0054] In an alternative embodiment, the cell/microparticle composition can be used to prepare tissue in vitro. In a particular embodiment, the tissue has a specific shape. Currently, there is a lack of acceptably compatible, functional prosthesis to replace cartilage in individuals who have experienced loss of contoured cartilage, for example, noses or ear. Loss of contoured cartilage can result from burns or trauma. Typically, the patient is subjected to additional surgery involving carving a piece of cartilage out of a piece of lower rib to approximate the necessary contours and inserting the cartilage piece into a pocket of skin in the area where the nose or ear is missing. As such, the present invention provides a desirable treatment alternative for individuals needing repair of cartilage tissue particularly where the tissue is in a specific anatomical shape.

[0055] Therefore, the invention relates to a method of generating new tissue in vitro. In a particular embodiment, the tissue has a specified anatomical shape. The method comprises placing a composition comprising live cells and biocompatible, polymer microparticles in a cell culture chamber. In a preferred embodiment, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocompatible and biodegradable. In a particular embodiment, the chamber can have a specified anatomical shape and the composition is then sintered. Briefly, as the cells proliferate and adhere to the surfaces of the individual microparticles in culture, a coherent mass of tissue is formed. When desired, the coherent mass of tissue can have a desired shape determined in part by the shape of the culture chamber. The formation of this coherent mass in a specific shape is referred to herein as “sintering”. Sintering differs from known methods of generating tissue in specific shapes, since it is the cells which are primarily responsible for the shape of the resulting tissue rather than the polymer matrix.

[0056] The term “biologically active agent,” as used herein, is an agent, or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, which when released in vivo, possesses the desired biological activity, for example therapeutic, diagnostic and/or prophylactic properties in vivo. It is understood that the term includes stabilized biologically active agents as described herein. A sustained release composition of the invention can contain from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w) of active agent (dry weight of composition). The amount of agent can vary depending upon the desired effect of the agent, the planned release levels, and the time span over which the agent is to be released. A preferred range of agent loading is between about 0.1% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w). A more preferred range of agent loading is between about 0.5% (w/w) to about 20% (w/w) agent.

[0057] When the composition comprising live cells and biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles further comprises a biologically active, the biologically active agent can be, for example, factors which modulate cell growth, for example, factors having tissue regeneration inductive properties, such as growth factors, and differentiating factors, for example, morphogenic proteins, such as bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and osteogenic proteins (OPs). In a preferred embodiment, the biologically active agent is incorporated into the microparticle of the cell/microparticle composition.

[0058] Growth factors suitable for use include, but are not limited to, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-α, TGF-β), cementum growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor, heparin binding factor, insulin-like growth factors I or II (IGF-I, IGF-II), erythropoietin, and nerve growth factor (NGF).

[0059] Morphogenic proteins, which are capable of inducing bone and other tissue formation, include, but are not limited to, OP-1, OP-2, OP-3 (Osteogenic Protein), BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6 and BMP7(Bone Morphogenic Protein). Morphogenic proteins and active fragments and derivatives of the proteins are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,017,708 to Jones et al. issued on Jun. 6, 2000, 5,011,691 to Oppermann et al. issued on Apr. 30, 1991 and 4,968,590 to Kuberasampath et al. issued on Nov. 6, 1990 the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0060] Other biologically active agents which can be present in the cell/microparticle composition, preferably incorporated into the microparticle of the cell/microparticle composition include antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressive agents, extracellular matrix molecules, cytokines and cells which support the therapeutic effect of the administered cells.

[0061] Suitable antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to, antibiotics such as penicillin and derivatives thereof, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, streptomycin, gentamicin and sulfonamide. Also included are antifungal agents such as myconazole.

[0062] Suitable immunosuppressive agents include, but are not limited to, cyclosporin, methotrexate or other agents which inhibit the immune response of the patient against the administered composition.

[0063] Examples of extracellular matrix molecules suitable for use in the cell/microparticle composition, preferably for incorporation into the microparticles of the cell/microparticle composition include, but are not limited to, fibronectin, laminin, collagens, and proteoglycans.

[0064] Cytokines suitable for use include, but are not limited to, lymphokines, chemokines and monokines. For example, the interleukins (IL), such as, IL-1 (α or β), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, GM-CSF, M-CSF, LIF, LT, γ-IFN, α-IFN, β-IFN, TNF-α, BCGF, CD2, ICAM, MAdCAM, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3.

[0065] The biologically active agent can be incorporated into the microparticles as is known in the art and described herein. It is understood that more that one agent can be incorporated into the microparticles of the composition. For example, agents can be coincorporated into the same microparticle or separately incorporated into separate microparticle and the microparticles mixed prior to administration. Alternatively, a biologically active agent can be administered without prior encapsulation to provide an immediate availability at the treatment site.

[0066] When the biologically active agent is a macromolecule, such as a protein, the agent can be a stabilized biologically active agent. The biologically active agent can be stabilized against degradation, loss of potency and/or loss of biological activity, all of which can occur during formation of the sustained release composition having the biologically active agent dispersed therein, and/or prior to and during in vivo release of the biologically active agent. In one embodiment, stabilization can result in a decrease in the solubility of the biologically active agent, the consequence of which is a reduction in the initial release of biologically active agent, in particular, when release is from a sustained release composition. In addition, the period of release of the biologically active agent can be prolonged.

[0067] Stabilization of the biologically active agent can be accomplished, for example, by the use of a stabilizing agent or a specific combination of stabilizing agents. “Stabilizing agent”, as that term is used herein, is any agent which binds or interacts in a covalent or non-covalent manner or is included with the biologically active agent. Stabilizing agents suitable for use in the invention are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,716,644, 5,674,534, 5,654,010, 5,667,808, and 5,711,968, and co-pending U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 08/934,830 to Burke et al., filed on Sep. 22, 1997 and 09/104,549 to Burke, filed on Jun. 25, 1998 the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0068] For example, a metal cation can be complexed with the biologically active agent, or the biologically active agent can be complexed with a polycationic complexing agent such as protamine, albumin, spermidine and spermine, or associated with a “salting-out” salt. In addition, a specific combination of stabilizing agents and/or excipients may be needed to optimize stabilization of the biologically active agent.

[0069] Further, excipients can be added to maintain the potency of the biologically active agent over the duration of release and modify polymer degradation. Suitable excipients include, for example, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, surfactants, and bulking agents, and are known to those skilled in the art. An acidic or a basic excipient is also suitable. The amount of excipient used is based on ratio to the biologically active agent, on a weight basis. For amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates, such as sucrose, trehalose, lactose, mannitol, dextran and heparin, the ratio of carbohydrate to biologically active agent is typically between about 1:10 and about 20:1. For surfactants the ratio of surfactant to biologically active agent is typically between about 1:1000 and about 2:1. Bulking agents typically comprise inert materials. Suitable bulking agents are known to those skilled in the art.

[0070] The excipient can also be a metal cation component which acts to modulate the release of the biologically active agent. The metal cation component can optionally contain the same species of metal cation, as is contained in the metal cation stabilized biologically active agent, if present, and/or can contain one or more different species of metal cation. The metal cation component acts to modulate the release of the biologically active agent from the polymer matrix of the sustained release composition and can enhance the stability of the biologically active agent in the composition. A metal cation component used in modulating release typically comprises at least one type of multivalent metal cation. Examples of metal cation components suitable to modulate release include or contain, for example, Mg(OH)₂, MgCO₃ (such as 4MgCO₃.Mg(OH)₂.5H₂O), MgSO₄, Zn(OAc)₂, Mg(OAc)₂, ZnCO₃ (such as 3Zn(OH)₂ 2ZnCO₃)ZnSO₄, ZnCl₂, MgCl₂, CaCO₃, Zn₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂ and Mg₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂.

[0071] A suitable ratio of metal cation component to polymer is between about 1:99 to about 1:2 by weight. The optimum ratio depends upon the polymer and the metal cation component utilized. A polymer matrix containing a dispersed metal cation component to modulate the release of a biologically active agent from the polymer matrix is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,656,297 to Bernstein et al. and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/056,566 filed on Apr. 7, 1998, the teachings of both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0072] In yet another embodiment, at least one pore forming agent, such as a water soluble salt, sugar or amino acid, can be included in the sustained release composition to modify the microstructure. The proportion of pore forming agent in the microparticle can be from about 1% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w) of the final weight of the microparticle.

[0073] Incorporation of the biologically active agent into the microparticles of the cell/microparticle composition provides a sustained delivery of the biologically active agent at the treatment site. It is preferred that the biologically active agent enhances the primary therapeutic effect resulting from administration of the cell/microparticle composition. For example, the biologically active agent can promote tissue growth, inhibit infection at the treatment site or a combination thereof.

[0074] As used herein, the term “a” or “an” refers to one or more.

[0075] As used herein, the term “microparticles” refers to particles comprising biocompatible, polymer having a volume median particle size of between about 1 and 1000 microns. The polymer of the microparticles can be biodegradable, non-biodegradable or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the polymer of the microparticles is both biocompatible and biodegradable.

[0076] A “biocompatible polymer” as that term is used herein refers to polymer wherein any degradation products of the polymer are non-toxic to the recipient and also possess no significant deleterious or untoward effects on the recipient's body, such as a significant immunological reaction at the injection site.

[0077] “Biodegradable polymer”, as defined herein, means the composition will degrade or erode in vivo to form smaller chemical species. Degradation can result, for example, by enzymatic, chemical and physical processes.

[0078] A biocompatible, biodegradable polymer therefor possesses the characteristics of both a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Suitable biocompatible, biodegradable polymers include, for example, poly(lactides), poly(glycolides), poly(lactide-co-glycolides), poly(lactic acid)s, poly(glycolic acid)s, polycarbonates, polyesteramides, polyanydrides, poly(amino acids), polyorthoesters, poly(dioxanone)s, poly(alkylene alkylate)s, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polyorthoester, polyurethanes, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof.

[0079] Biocompatible, non-biodegradable polymers suitable for a sustained release device include non-biodegradable polymers selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polymers of ethylene-vinyl acetates and other acyl substituted cellulose acetates, non-degradable polyurethanes, polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, poly(vinyl imidazole), chlorosulphonate polyolefins, polyethylene oxide, blends and compolymers thereof.

[0080] Acceptable molecular weights for polymers used in this invention can be determined by a person of ordinary skill in the art taking into consideration factors such as the desired polymer degradation rate, physical properties such as mechanical strength, and rate of dissolution of polymer in solvent. Typically, an acceptable range of molecular weight is of about 2,000 Daltons to about 2,000,000 Daltons. In a particular embodiment, the polymer is a poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(hereinafter “PLG”) with a lactide:glycolide ratio of about 50:50 and a molecular weight of about 5,000 Daltons to about 70,000 Daltons.

[0081] A number of methods are known by which biocompatible, polymer microparticles can be formed. In many cases the methods are described for embodiments wherein an active agent is incorporated into the polymer. However, it is to be understood that the methods described herein can be employed to prepare microparticles of biocompatible, polymer which do not have an active agent incorporated therein. Suitable methods include, for example, spray-freeze drying, spray drying, single and double emulsion solvent evaporation, solvent extraction, phase separation, and simple and complex coacervation.

[0082] For example, methods for forming a composition for the sustained release of biologically active agent are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,400, issued to Gombotz et al, and issued U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,253 issued to Herbert et al. the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0083] In this method, a mixture comprising a biocompatible polymer, a polymer solvent and in some instances a biologically active agent is processed to create droplets, wherein at least a significant portion of the droplets contains polymer, polymer solvent and if applicable the active agent. These droplets are then frozen by a suitable means. Examples of means for processing the mixture to form droplets include directing the dispersion through an ultrasonic nozzle, pressure nozzle, Rayleigh jet, or by other known means for creating droplets from a solution.

[0084] Means suitable for freezing droplets include directing the droplets into or near a liquified gas, such as liquid argon or liquid nitrogen to form frozen microdroplets which are then separated from the liquid gas. The frozen microdroplets are then exposed to a liquid or solid non-solvent, such as ethanol, hexane, ethanol mixed with hexane, heptane, ethanol mixed with heptane, pentane or oil.

[0085] The solvent in the frozen microdroplets is extracted as a solid and/or liquid into the non-solvent to form a polymer/active agent matrix comprising a biocompatible polymer and a biologically active agent. Mixing ethanol with other non-solvents, such as hexane, heptane or pentane, can increase the rate of solvent extraction, above that achieved by ethanol alone, from certain polymers, such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers.

[0086] A wide range of sizes of sustained release compositions can be made by varying the droplet size, for example, by changing the ultrasonic nozzle diameter. If the sustained release composition is in the form of microparticles, and very large microparticles are desired, the microparticles can be extruded, for example, through a syringe directly into the cold liquid. Increasing the viscosity of the polymer solution can also increase microparticle size. The size of the microparticles which can be produced by this process ranges, for example, from greater than about 1000 to about 1 micrometers in diameter.

[0087] A further example of a conventional process for producing microparticles is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,337, incorporated by reference herein, wherein a solution of a wall or shell forming polymeric material in a solvent is prepared. The solvent is only partially miscible in water. If desired a solid or core material is dissolved or dispersed in the polymer-containing mixture and, thereafter, the core material-containing mixture is dispersed in an aqueous liquid that is immiscible in the organic solvent in order to remove solvent from the microparticles.

[0088] Another example of a process to form microparticles which can contain a substance is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,906. In this process a material to be encapsulated is emulsified in a solution of a polymeric material in a solvent that is immiscible in water and then the emulsion is emulsified in an aqueous solution containing a hydrophilic colloid. Solvent removal from the microparticles is then accomplished by evaporation and the product is obtained.

[0089] In still another process as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,691,090 organic solvent is evaporated from a dispersion of microparticles in an aqueous medium, preferably under reduced pressure.

[0090] Similarly, the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,570 shows a method in which solvent from a dispersion of microparticles in a polyhydric alcohol medium is evaporated from the microparticles by the application of heat or by subjecting the microparticles to reduced pressure.

[0091] Another example of a solvent removal process is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,960,757.

[0092] Tice et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,330, describe the preparation of microparticles which can contain an active agent by a method comprising: (a) dissolving or dispersing an active agent in a solvent and dissolving a wall forming material in that solvent; (b) dispersing the solvent containing the active agent and wall forming material in a continuous-phase processing medium; (c) evaporating a portion of the solvent from the dispersion of step (b), thereby forming microparticles containing the active agent in the suspension; and (d) extracting the remainder of the solvent from the microparticles.

[0093] When a biogically active agent is incorporated into the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles, it is believed that, without being bound by a particular theory, the release of the biologically active agent can occur by two different mechanisms. First, the biologically active agent can be released by diffusion through aqueous filled channels generated in the polymer matrix, such as by the dissolution of the biologically active agent, or by voids created by the removal of the polymer solvent during the preparation of the sustained release composition. A second mechanism is the release of the biologically active agent, due to degradation of the polymer. The rate of degradation can be controlled by changing polymer properties that influence the rate of hydration of the polymer. These properties include, for instance, the ratio of different monomers, such as lactide and glycolide, comprising a polymer; the use of the L-isomer of a monomer instead of a racemic mixture; and the molecular weight of the polymer. These properties can affect hydrophilicity and crystallinity, which control the rate of hydration of the polymer.

[0094] By altering the properties of the polymer, the contributions of diffusion and/or polymer degradation to biologically active agent release can be controlled. For example, increasing the glycolide content of a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymer and decreasing the molecular weight of the polymer can enhance the hydrolysis of the polymer and thus, provides an increased biologically active agent release from polymer erosion.

[0095] The live cell/biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticle composition of the invention can optionally contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known to those skilled in the art. The carrier should not deleteriously affect the cells, microparticles or, when present, the biologically active agent of the administered composition. It is preferred that the carrier includes factors which promote adhesion of the cells to the microparticles of the composition. For example, the medium in which the cells can be cultured can be suitable. Acceptable cell culture media are commercially available and are well known to those skilled in the art.

EXEMPLIFICATIONS PREPARATIVE METHODS GENERAL PROCESS FOR PREPARING MICROPARTICLES

[0096] Formation of a mixture comprising a biocompatible polymer dissolved in a suitable polymer solvent and if desired a biologically active agent.

[0097] Optional homogenization of the mixture.

[0098] Atomization of the mixture to form droplets.

[0099] Freezing of the droplets by contact with liquid nitrogen.

[0100] Extraction of the polymer solvent from frozen droplets into an extraction solvent (e.g., −80° C. ethanol) thereby forming a solid polymer matrix.

[0101] Isolation of the solid polymer matrix particles from the extraction solvent by filtration.

[0102] Removal of remaining solvent by evaporation.

[0103] Sizing of particles by passage through an appropriately sized mesh.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Microparticles

[0104] Microparticles were fabricated from PLG (50:50 lactide:glycolide, uncapped (—COOH), M_(w)˜10 kDa) using the General Process outlined above.

EXAMPLE 2 Cell Isolation-Chondrocytes

[0105] Bovine articular cartilage was harvested from the gelnohumeral and humeroulnar joints of neonatal calves and digested in 0.3% Type II collagenase at 37° C. for 12-16 hours overnight with shaking. Chondrocytes were passed through a 180 μm filter to remove large particulate material. Cells were washed 3 times with PBS and resuspended in complete medium (DMEM, 0.3% CMC, FBS).

EXAMPLE 3 Chondrocyte/Microparticle Adhesion Assay

[0106] Chondrocytes were mixed with 3.57 mg/mL of PLG (50:50 L:G) microparticles, prepared as described above, to a final concentration of 1×10⁶ cells/mL (1×10⁶ microparticles/mL). Control groups included cells alone and microparticles alone at the same concentrations as described above. The mixture of cells and microparticles contained phosphate buffered saline and cell culture medium.

[0107] The combined cell/microparticle suspension and controls were incubated on a shaker plate at 37° C. At 0, 2, 4, 16 hours, 1 mL samples were removed and assayed to determine the amount of cells which had adhered to the microparticles. In order to determine the amount of cells which had adhered to the microparticles, each sample was loaded onto a 3 mL histopaque density gradient and centrifuged for about 4 min at 500 rpm. The unattached cells were removed by decanting the less dense media fraction on top of the histopaque. The remaining portion contained the microparticles and attached chondrocytes. The results of the DNA assay provided data on the extent of attachment of the cells to the microparticles as well as the kinetics of the attachment of the cells to the microparticles. The DNA assay employed is described in Kim, Y. J. et al., “Analytical Biochemistry” Vol. 174, pp. 168-176 (1988).

[0108] The results from assaying for DNA content are shown graphically in FIGS. 1 and 2. The graphs in FIGS. 1 and 2 show that the cells exhibited first order binding and at about 16 hours 30% of the cells in the suspension were attached to the microparticles. In addition a value of about 5 hours for the exponential time constant, tau (τ), was determined from FIG. 2. Changes in cell morphology and matrix production were observed>16 hr.

EXAMPLE 4 Scanning Electron Microscopy

[0109] Scanning electron microscopy was conducted. Samples were removed from the cell/microparticle suspensions at 0, 2, 4, and 16 hours and analysed by SEM as described below. Glass coverslips were coated with a thin layer of TissueTack adhesive. Liquid samples (500 μL) of the cell/microparticle suspension were layered onto the coverslips in a 24 well plate and allowed to settle for 30 minutes. Samples were then fixed with 2.5% gluteraldehyde, critical point dried, sputter coated with Au/Pd and visualized via SEM. SEMs of the cell/microparticle suspension following 2 hours and 8 hours of incubation are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively, at the indicated magnifications. The SEMs showed attachment of cells to single microparticles at 2 hours, with large clusters of multiple cells and microparticles present at 8 hours.

EXAMPLE 5 In Vivo Implantation and Analysis

[0110] Safranin O staining was conducted as described in Mankin, et al., “Biochemical and metabolic abnormalities of articular carilage from osteoarthritic human hips II. Correlation of morphology with biochemical and metabolic data.” J. Bone Joint Surg., 53A:523-537 (1971), the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0111] Nude mice (5 per treatment group) were anesthetized with metofane and each received subcutaneous injections of 150 μL of a suspension of chondrocytes only, microparticles only, and chondrocytes and microparticles prepared as described above (Vehicle is DMEM, 0.3% CMC, FBS). The injections were at three individual sites on the dorsal aspect. The size of the implants were monitored superficially for 4 weeks. Implants were harvested at 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 week post treatment. Samples were weighed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histology.

[0112] Fixed samples were embedded in paraffin and sectioned to 6 μm thick. Sections were then deparaffinized, rehydrated and stained in Safranin O.

[0113] Results of the histological evaluation are shown in FIGS. 5A-5B and 6A-6C. Briefly, FIG. 5A shows native cartilage stained with Safranin O as described above. The cartilage was bovine cartilage obtained from the gelnohumeral and humeroulnar joints of neonatal calves. FIG. 5B shows sections of tissue from the implant site of animals receiving cells alone stained with Safranin O at 4 weeks post treatment as described above.

[0114] FIGS. 6A-6C show sections of implants from animals receiving an injection of cells and microparticles as described above at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post injection.

[0115] Comparison of FIG. 6C (4 weeks post injection of cell/microparticle composition) with FIG. 5A (native cartilage) shows that cartilage formed at 4 weeks post injection closely resembles native cartilage. For example, the spacing of the cells in FIG. 6C is similar to FIG. 5A and the density of the cells in FIG. 6C is very much like native cartilage. In contrast, FIG. 5B, showing the results of injection of cells alone, shows a hyperdensity of cells and invasion of host tissue into the implant.

EXAMPLE 6 In Vivo Tissue Formation

[0116] As described in Example 5, implants were weighed upon harvesting prior to analysis. The mass of tissue (mg) as a function of time post injection of animals receiving cells alone or cells/microparticles is shown in FIG. 7. Analysis of the results show that growth tissue in groups treated with cells alone and with cells/microparticles is comparable although, as discussed above, treatment with a cell/microparticle mixture results in tissue which more closely resembles native cartilage than tissue resulting from treatment with cells alone.

[0117] The total amount of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present in the harvested tissue was also determined. GAG quantitication was determined following the procedure set forth in Farndale, et al., “Improved quantitation and discrimination of sulphated glycosaminoglycans by use of dimethylmethylene blue.” Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 883:173-177 (1986), the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The results are depicted graphically in FIG. 8. The results indicate that tissue generated from animals receiving cells alone and tissue generated from animals receiving a cell/microparticle composition contained comparable levels of GAG.

[0118] In conclusion, although the mass of tissue and the amount of GAG present in the tissue for animals treated with cells alone and cells/microparticles are comparable, FIG. 5A-5B and 6A-6C show that histologically the tissue formed in animals receiving cells/microparticles more closely resembles native cartilage.

EXAMPLE 7 In Vitro Tissue Formation

[0119] Chondocytes were isolated from bovine articular cartilage harvested from the gelnohumeral and humeroulnar joints of neonatal calves. Briefly, the cartilage was harvested and digested in 0.3% Type II collagenase at 37° C. for 12-16 hours overnight with shaking. Chondrocytes were passed through a 180 μm filter to remove large particulate material. Cells were washed 3 times with PBS and resuspended in complete medium (DMEM, 0.3% CMC, FBS).

[0120] The isolated chondrocytes were cultured out to 4 weeks and analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post culture. Briefly, a suspension of chrondocytes was pipetted into multiwell plates. The microparticles and cells settled to the bottom of the plates. The cells were incubated at 37° C. in a 5%CO₂ atomosphere at a pH of 7.4. Medium was removed and replaced every 2-3 days. Samples were analyzed at the indicated timepoints of 1, 2 and 4 weeks.

[0121] In Vitro Histology:

[0122] The histological results of tissue generated in vitro are shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. The histological results following staining with Safranin O show that at 4 weeks post culture, the tissue generated using the cell/microparticle compositions more closely resembles native cartilage (FIG. 5A).

[0123] In Vitro Tissue Mass Determination:

[0124] Tissue mass determination was conducted by weighing the mass resulting from culturing of cells alone and a cell/microparticle composition at 1 and 2 weeks post culture.

[0125] The results of tissue mass determination are shown graphically in FIG. 10. The results show a significant increase in tissue mass at 2 weeks post culturing for the cell/microparticle mixture versus cells alone. That is, the mass of tissue resulting from incubation of a cell/microparticle composition is more than 3 times that resulting from incubation of cells alone.

[0126] In Vitro Tissue GAG Determination:

[0127]FIG. 11 shows the results from determination of the GAG content of in vitro tissue at both 1 week and 2 weeks post culture for a mixture of cells/microparticles and cells alone. The results indicate that the amount of GAG, which is used as a marker for cartilage, present in the in vitro tissue at 2 weeks post culture is significantly greater for the tissue generated with the mixture of cells and microparticles than for microparticles alone. As such, it appears that the generation of tissue in vitro is significantly improved when cells are cultured in the presence of microparticles and that this tissue is positive for GAG indicating the presence of cartilage.

[0128] Even though the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that all such alternatives, modifications, and variations which fall within the spirit and scope of the invention be embraced by the defined claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of administering live cells to a patient in need thereof comprising injecting into a treatment site of the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles and live cells, wherein said cells provide a therapeutic effect in the patient.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic effect comprises the generation of new tissue at the treatment site.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the live cells are selected from cartilage producing cells, organ cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, nerve cells, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, and Schwann cells.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the cells are chondrocytes.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the new tissue is cartilage tissue.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the treatment site is into the articular space of a joint of the patient.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the therapeutic effect is the secretion of a biologically active secretory molecule.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the biologically active secretory molecule is selected from hormones, cytokines, growth factors, trophic factors, angiogenesis factors, antibodies, blood coagulation factors, lymphokines, enzymes and agonists, precursors, active analogs or active fragments thereof.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the biologically active secretory molecule is the hormone insulin.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the live cells are pancreatic islet cells.
 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the biologically active secretory molecule is dopamine.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the live cells are selected from PC-12 cells, adrenal chromaffin cells and fetal nigral primordia cells.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer of the microparticle is selected from poly(lactides), poly(glycolides), poly(lactide-co-glycolides), poly(lactic acid)s, poly(glycolic acid)s, polycarbonates, polyesteramides, polyanydrides, poly(amino acids), polyorthoesters, poly(dioxanone)s, poly(alkylene alkylate)s, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polyorthoester, polyurethanes, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer is a poly(lactide-co-glycolide).
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises a biologically active agent.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the biologically active agent has tissue regeneration inductive properties.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the biologically active agent is a growth factor or differentiating factor.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the growth factor is selected from basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-α, TGF-β), cementum growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor, heparin binding factor, insulin-like growth factors I or II (IGF-I, IGF-II), erythropoietin, and nerve growth factor (NGF).
 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the differentiating factor is a morphogenic protein.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the morphogenic protein is selected from OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6 and active fragments and derivatives thereof.
 22. The method of claim 1 wherein the concentration of cells in the composition is from about 0.5×10⁶ cells/mL to about 50×10⁶ cells/mL.
 23. A method of generating new cartilage tissue in a patient in need thereof comprising administering by injection to a treatment site of the patient a composition comprising live chondrocytes and biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer of the microparticle is selected from poly(lactides), poly(glycolides), poly(lactide-co-glycolides), poly(lactic acid)s, poly(glycolic acid)s, polycarbonates, polyesteramides, polyanydrides, poly(amino acids), polyorthoesters, poly(dioxanone)s, poly(alkylene alkylate)s, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polyorthoester, polyurethanes, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer is a poly(lactide-co-glycolide).
 26. The method of claim 23 wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 27. The method of claim 23 wherein the composition further comprises a biologically active agent.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the biologically active agent has tissue regeneration inductive properties.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the biologically active agent is a growth factor or differentiating factor.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the growth factor is selected from basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-α, TGF-β), cementum growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor, heparin binding factor, insulin-like growth factors I or II (IGF-I, IGF-II), erythropoietin, and nerve growth factor (NGF).
 31. The method of claim 29 wherein the differentiating factor is a morphogenic protein.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein the morphogenic protein is selected from OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6 and active fragments and derivatives thereof.
 33. The method of claim 23 wherein the concentration of cells in the composition is from about 0.5×10⁶ cells/mL to about 50×10⁶ cells/mL.
 34. A method of generating new internal organ tissue in a patient in need thereof comprising administering by injection to a treatment site of the patient a composition comprising live internal organ cells and biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles.
 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the treatment site is an organ of the patient, wherein the organ and administered cells are of the same tissue type.
 36. The method of claim 35 wherein the live internal organ cells are selected from heart cells, lung cells, kidney cells, liver cells, pancreatic cells and brain cells.
 37. A method for treating diabetes in a patient in need of treatment comprising administering to the patient by injection into a treatment site an effective amount of a composition comprising biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles and live pancreatic islet cell, wherein said cells secrete insulin.
 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the treatment site is the pancreas of the patient.
 39. A method of generating new tissue comprising placing a composition comprising live cells and a biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles and culturing said cells under conditions to provide a coherent mass of tissue.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein said cells are cultured in a cell culture chamber having a specified anatomical shape resulting in a coherent tissue mass of the specified shape.
 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the live cells are chondrocytes.
 42. The method of claim 41 wherein the tissue is cartilage.
 43. The method of claim 39 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer of the microparticle is selected from poly(lactides), poly(glycolides), poly(lactide-co-glycolides), poly(lactic acid)s, poly(glycolic acid)s, polycarbonates, polyesteramides, polyanydrides, poly(amino acids), polyorthoesters, poly(dioxanone)s, poly(alkylene alkylate)s, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polyorthoester, polyurethanes, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof.
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer is a poly(lactide-co-glycolide).
 45. A composition comprising biocompatible, biodegradable polymer microparticles and live cells.
 46. The composition of claim 45 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer of the microparticle is selected from poly(lactides), poly(glycolides), poly(lactide-co-glycolides), poly(lactic acid)s, poly(glycolic acid)s, polycarbonates, polyesteramides, polyanydrides, poly(amino acids), polyorthoesters, poly(dioxanone)s, poly(alkylene alkylate)s, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polyorthoester, polyurethanes, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof.
 47. The composition of claim 46 wherein the biocompatible, biodegradable polymer is a poly(lactide-co-glycolide).
 48. The composition of claim 45 wherein the live cells generate tissue.
 49. The composition of claim 48 wherein the live cells are chondrocytes.
 50. The composition of claim 48 wherein the live cells are hepatocytes.
 51. The composition of claim 45 wherein the live cells secrete a biologically active secretory molecule.
 52. The composition of claim 51 wherein the live cells are pancreatic islet cells.
 53. The composition of claim 51 wherein the live cells are dopaminergic cells.
 54. The composition of claim 53 wherein the cells are selected from PC-12 cells, adrenal chromaffin cells and fetal nigral primordia cell.
 55. The composition of claim 45 wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 56. The composition of claim 45 wherein the composition further comprises a biologically active agent.
 57. The composition of claim 56 wherein the biologically active agent has tissue regeneration inductive properties.
 58. The composition of claim 57 wherein the biologically active agent is a growth factor or differentiating factor.
 59. The composition of claim 58 wherein the growth factor is selected from basic fibroblast growth factor (Bfgf), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-α, TGF-β), cementum growth factors, epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor, heparin binding factor, insulin-like growth factors I or II (IGF-I, IGF-II), erythropoietin, and nerve growth factor (NGF).
 60. The composition of claim 58 wherein the differentiating factor is a morphogenic protein.
 61. The composition of claim 60 wherein the morphogenic protein is selected from OP-1, OP-2, OP-3, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6 and active fragments and derivatives thereof.
 62. The composition of claim 45 wherein the concentration of cells in the composition is from about 0.5×10⁶ cells/mL to about 50×10⁶ cells/mL. 